in death’.90 For one thing, it is easily conceivable because the animal is slaughtered in the sanctuary. For another, as has been argued, the term kipper itself connotes substitutionary death. Since the blood symbolizes ‘life’, it may be assumed in connection with the hattat that the purifying process expressed by such terms as טִהַר and קִדֵּש are in fact ‘life-giving’ processes. Yet it must be borne in mind that the agent of purification or atonement in the hattat context is almost always the priest,